148. Why is this? c. paradigms. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. 116. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. 41. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. d. quaternary prevention. Psychosurgery. d. classical conditioning. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. 59. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. 42. c. neurotransmitters. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). a. cognitive-behavioral a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. c. intellectualization. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. b. existential therapy. c. humanistic-existential When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. b. d. self-aware. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. That is the idea, at least. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? What is it? b. axons. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. 58. 2.2.1.1. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. c. repression. 87. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. 39. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. d. latency stage. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. c. axons. It is difficult to research this perspective. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. d. classical conditioning. 140. c. psychoanalytic theory. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. b. learned behavior. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. 69. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. 154. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. It is difficult to research this perspective. 107. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. 89. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). d. psychotropic treatment. 75. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? b. cognitive-behavioral Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. d. disengagement. a. existential Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. c. psychoanalysts. b. cognitive-behavioral. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Unconditioned means unlearned. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. b. transference. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. c. transference. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. We will cover this process in three parts. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? b. dendrites. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. Dealing with anxiety. Evaluating the cognitive model. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. This is an example of: This is called the absolute refractory period. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. d. client-centered therapy. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. exposure therapy. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. 18. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? c. the conscious mind. Evaluating the behavioral model. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. What is learning? b. the pleasure principle. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. 67. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. 166. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. c. tertiary prevention. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. b. resistance. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. b. insight. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. 43. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. c. psychodynamic. 134. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. Hormonal imbalances. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. c. The receiving neurons fire. a. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. 143. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). c. superego. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. a. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. 152. 131. d. past traumatic experiences. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. c. overgeneralization. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. c. client-centered How so? a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. b. multicultural. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. d. humanistic. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. 37. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. 2.3.2.4. 29. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). The response re-emerges. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. This is a physical aspect of what disease? The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? 78. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. 71. Consider your parents for a minute. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. a. catharsis. 83. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. a. humanistic 126. Simply: Figure 2.1. Is there merit to this view? It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). 2.2.3.2. c. gestalt Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Communication in the nervous system. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Criticisms. d. psychodynamic. 99. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. His name is 56. c. operant conditioning. 2.3.1.2. Communication in the Nervous System. 129. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. b. existential. c. operant conditioning. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. b. family structure and communication. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. b. delusional thinking. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. b. sociocultural 2.2.1.6. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. 45. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. b. sociocultural Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Participants have similar issues. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B).